Thatcherism describes the conviction politics, economic and social policy, and political style of the British Conservative The Conservative and Unionist Party is a political party in the United Kingdom. Founded in its present form during the early 19th century, it has since been the principal centre-right party in the UK politician Margaret Thatcher Margaret Hilda Thatcher, Baroness Thatcher, LG, OM, PC, FRS served as Prime Minister of the United Kingdom from 1979 to 1990 and Leader of the Conservative Party from 1975 to 1990. She is the only woman to have held either post, who was leader of her party from 1975 to 1990. It also describes the ideology and wider political culture of the British government while Thatcher was Prime Minister The Prime Minister of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland is the political leader of the United Kingdom and the Head of Her Majesty's Government. The Prime Minister and Cabinet are collectively accountable for their policies and actions to the Sovereign, to Parliament, to their political party, and ultimately to the electorate between May 1979 and November 1990, and beyond into the governments of John Major Sir John Major, KG, CH, ACIB is a British politician, who served as Prime Minister of the United Kingdom and Leader of the Conservative Party from 1990 to 1997, Tony Blair Anthony Charles Lynton "Tony" Blair is a British Labour Party politician who served as the Prime Minister of the United Kingdom from 2 May 1997 to 27 June 2007. He was the Member of Parliament (MP) for Sedgefield from 1983 to 2007 and Leader of the Labour Party from 1994 to 2007; he resigned from all these positions in June 2007 and Gordon Brown James Gordon Brown is a British Labour Party politician, who has been a Member of Parliament (MP) since 1983, currently for Kirkcaldy and Cowdenbeath. He served as the Prime Minister of the United Kingdom and Leader of the Labour Party from 2007 until 2010. Brown became Prime Minister in June 2007, after the resignation of Tony Blair and three.[1]

Contents

Overview

Margaret Thatcher

Thatcherism claims to promote low inflation, the small state and free markets through tight control of the money supply Monetarism is the view within monetary economics that variation in the money supply has major influences on national output in the short run and the price level over longer periods and that objectives of monetary policy are best met by targeting the growth rate of the money supply.pp. 492-97, privatization and constraints on the labour movement. It is often compared with Reaganomics Reaganomics refers to the economic policies promoted by the U.S. President Ronald Reagan during the 1980s. The four pillars of Reagan's economic policy were to: in the United States, Rogernomics in New Zealand and Economic Rationalism Economic rationalism is an Australian term in discussion of microeconomic policy, applicable to the economic policy of many governments around the world, in particular during the 1980s and 1990s in Australia as a key part of the worldwide neoliberal Neoliberalism is a market driven approach to economic and social policy based on neoclassical theories of economics that maximise the role of the private business sector in determining the political and economic priorities of the state. The term "neoliberalism" has also come into wide use in cultural studies to describe an movement. Nigel Lawson Nigel Lawson, Baron Lawson of Blaby, PC , is a British Conservative politician and journalist. He was a Member of Parliament (MP) representing the constituency of Blaby from 1974–92, and served as the Chancellor of the Exchequer in the government of Margaret Thatcher from June 1983 to October 1989. He was made a life peer in 1992, Thatcher's Chancellor of the Exchequer The Chancellor of the Exchequer is the title held by the British Cabinet minister who is responsible for all economic and financial matters. Often simply called The Chancellor, the office-holder controls HM Treasury and plays a role akin to the posts of Minister of Finance or Secretary of the Treasury in other nations. The position is considered from 1983 to 1989, listed the Thatcherite ideals as:

Free markets, financial discipline, firm control over public expenditure, tax cuts, nationalism, 'Victorian values' (of the Samuel Smiles Born in Haddington, the son of Samuel Smiles of Haddington and Janet Wilson of Dalkeith, Smiles was one of eleven surviving children. The family were strict Cameronians. He left school at the age of 14 and was apprenticed to a doctor, an arrangement that eventually enabled Smiles to study medicine at the University of Edinburgh. His father died in self-help variety), privatization and a dash of populism.[2]

Thatcherism is thus often compared to classical liberalism Classical liberalism is a political ideology that developed in the 19th century in England, Western Europe, and the Americas. It is committed to the ideal of limited government and liberty of individuals including freedom of religion, speech, press, assembly, and free markets. Notable individuals who have contributed to classical liberalism. Milton Friedman claimed that "the thing that people do not recognise is that Margaret Thatcher is not in terms of belief a Tory Toryism is a traditionalist political philosophy which grew out of the Cavalier faction in the Wars of the Three Kingdoms. It is one of the prominent political parties in Great Britain, but also features in parts of The Commonwealth, particularly in Canada. Historically it also had exponents in former parts of the British Empire, for instance the. She is a nineteenth-century Liberal."[3] Thatcher herself stated in 1983: "I would not mind betting that if Mr Gladstone William Ewart Gladstone was a British Liberal Party statesman and four times Prime Minister of the United Kingdom (1868–74, 1880–85, 1886 and 1892–94). He was also Chancellor of the Exchequer and a champion of the Home Rule Bill which would have established self-government in Ireland were alive today he would apply to join the Conservative Party".[4] In the 1996 Keith Joseph memorial lecture Mrs. Thatcher argued that "The kind of Conservatism which he and I...favoured would be best described as ‘liberal’, in the old-fashioned sense. And I mean the liberalism of Mr. Gladstone, not of the latter day collectivists".[5] Thatcher once told Friedrich Hayek Friedrich August von Hayek CH , was an Austrian-born economist and philosopher known for his defence of classical liberalism and free-market capitalism against socialist and collectivist thought. He is considered by some to be one of the most important economists and political philosophers of the twentieth century. Hayek's account of how changing: "I know you want me to become a Whig; no, I am a Tory". Hayek believed "she has felt this very clearly".[6]

But the relationship between Thatcherism and liberalism is complicated. Thatcher's former Defence Secretary John Nott claimed that "it is a complete misreading of her beliefs to depict her as a nineteenth-century Liberal".[7] As Ellen Meiksins Wood has argued, Thatcherite capitalism was compatible with old-fashioned conservative political institutions. As Prime Minister, Thatcher challenged, not ancient bodies like the monarchy and the House of Lords, but some of the most recent additions to British politics: the trade unions.[8] Indeed, many leading Thatcherites, including Thatcher herself, went on to join the House of Lords: an honour which Gladstone, for instance, had declined.[9]

Thinkers closely associated with Thatcherism include Keith Joseph Keith Sinjohn Joseph, Baron Joseph, Bt., CH, PC was a British barrister, politician, and Conservative Cabinet Minister under three different Ministries. He is widely regarded as the "power behind the throne" in the creation of what came to be known as "Thatcherism". He was known for most of his political life as Sir Keith, Enoch Powell John Enoch Powell, MBE was a British politician, linguist, writer, academic, soldier and poet, Friedrich Hayek and Milton Friedman Milton Friedman was an American economist, statistician, and a recipient of the Nobel Memorial Prize in Economics. He is best known among scholars for his theoretical and empirical research, especially consumption analysis, monetary history and theory, and for his demonstration of the complexity of stabilization policy. He was an economic advisor. In an interview with Simon Heffer in 1996 Thatcher stated that the two greatest influences on her as Conservative leader had been Joseph and Powell, "both of them very great men".[10]

Thatcherism before Thatcher

A number of commentators have traced the origins of Thatcherism in post-war British politics. The late historian Ewen Green identified a strain of resentment to the inflation, taxation and the limited constraints on the labour movement associated with the so-called Buttskellite consensus in the decades before Thatcher herself came to prominence. Although the Conservative leadership accommodated itself to the Attlee Clement Richard Attlee, 1st Earl Attlee, KG, OM, CH, PC, FRS was a British Labour politician who served as the Prime Minister of the United Kingdom from 1945 to 1951, and as the Leader of the Labour Party from 1935 to 1955. He was also the first person to hold the office of Deputy Prime Minister, under Winston Churchill in the wartime coalition government's post-war reforms, there was continuous right-wing opposition in the lower ranks of the party, in right-wing pressure groups like the Middle Class Alliance and the People's League for the Defence of Freedom, and later in think tanks like the Centre for Policy Studies. For example, in 1945 The United Kingdom general election of 1945 was a general election held on 5 July 1945, with polls in some constituencies delayed until 12 July and in Nelson and Colne until 19 July, due to local wakes weeks. It was ultimately counted and declared on 26 July, due in part to the time it took to transport the votes of those serving overseas the Conservative Party Chairman Ralph Assheton had wanted 12,000 abridged copies of The Road to Serfdom The Road to Serfdom is a book written by Friedrich Hayek which had significantly shaped the political ideologies of Margaret Thatcher and Ronald Reagan and the concepts of ‘Thatcherism’ and of ‘Reagonomics’. The Road to Serfdom is among the most influential and popular expositions of classical liberalism and libertarianism (a book by the anti-socialist economist Friedrich von Hayek Friedrich August von Hayek CH , was an Austrian-born economist and philosopher known for his defence of classical liberalism and free-market capitalism against socialist and collectivist thought. He is considered by some to be one of the most important economists and political philosophers of the twentieth century. Hayek's account of how changing later closely associated with Thatcherism),[11] taking up one-and-a-half tons of the party's paper ration, distributed as election propaganda.[12]

Libertarianism

Thatcherism is often described as a libertarian Libertarianism is advocacy for individual liberty. Though libertarians all support what they consider to be liberty, there is disagreement among libertarians on other more specific political and economic considerations. There are many kinds of libertarianism, some of which directly oppose others, such as those that support laissez-faire capitalism ideology. Thatcher saw herself as creating a libertarian Libertarianism is advocacy for individual liberty. Though libertarians all support what they consider to be liberty, there is disagreement among libertarians on other more specific political and economic considerations. There are many kinds of libertarianism, some of which directly oppose others, such as those that support laissez-faire capitalism movement,[13][14] rejecting traditional Toryism Toryism is a traditionalist political philosophy, which grew out of the Cavalier faction in the Wars of the Three Kingdoms. It is most prominent in Great Britain, but also features in some parts of The Commonwealth, particularly in Canada. Historically it also had exponents in former parts of the British Empire, for instance the Loyalists of.[15] Thatcherism is associated with libertarianism Libertarianism is advocacy for individual liberty. Though libertarians all support what they consider to be liberty, there is disagreement among libertarians on other more specific political and economic considerations. There are many kinds of libertarianism, some of which directly oppose others, such as those that support laissez-faire capitalism within the Conservative Party,[16] albeit one of libertarian ends achieved by using strong and sometimes authoritarian leadership.[17] Andrew Marr Andrew William Stevenson Marr is a British journalist and political commentator. He edited The Independent for two years until May 1998, and was political editor of BBC News from 2000 until 2005 has called libertarianism the 'dominant, if unofficial, characteristic of Thatcherism'.[18] However, whereas some of her heirs, notably Michael Portillo Michael Denzil Xavier Portillo is a British journalist, broadcaster and former Conservative Party politician and Cabinet Minister. Portillo was first elected to the House of Commons in a by-election in 1984; a strong admirer of Margaret Thatcher and a Eurosceptic, Portillo served as a junior minister under both Thatcher and John Major, before and Alan Duncan, embraced this libertarianism, others in the Thatcherite movement, such as John Redwood, became more populist Populism, defined either as an ideology , a political philosophy or a type of discourse, is a type of political-social thought that juxtaposes "the people" against "the elites", and urges social and political system changes. It can also be defined as a rhetorical style employed by members of various political or social.[19][20]

However, some commentators have argued that Thatcherism should not be considered properly libertarian. Noting the tendency towards strong central government in matters concerning the trade unions and local authorities, Andrew Gamble summarised Thatcherism as 'the free economy and the strong state'.[21] Simon Jenkins Sir Simon David Jenkins is a British newspaper columnist currently associated with The Guardian after fifteen years with News International titles. He was educated at Mill Hill School and St John's College, Oxford accused the Thatcher government of carrying out a 'nationalisation' of Britain.[22]

Thatcherite economics

Thatcherism is associated with the economic theory of monetarism Monetarism is the view within monetary economics that variation in the money supply has major influences on national output in the short run and the price level over longer periods and that objectives of monetary policy are best met by targeting the growth rate of the money supply.pp. 492-97. In contrast to previous government policy, monetarism placed a priority on controlling inflation over controlling unemployment. According to monetarist theory, inflation is the result of there being too much money in the economy. Thus the government should control the money supply In economics, the money supply or money stock, is the total amount of money available in an economy at a particular point in time. There are several ways to define "money," but standard measures usually include currency in circulation and demand deposits to control inflation. However, by 1979 it was not only the Thatcherites who were arguing for stricter control of inflation. The Labour Chancellor Denis Healey Denis Winston Healey, Baron Healey CH, MBE, PC is a British Labour politician, who served as Secretary of State for Defence from 1964 to 1970 and Chancellor of the Exchequer from 1974 to 1979 had already adopted some monetarist policies, such as reducing public spending and selling off the government's shares in BP BP plc is a global energy company headquartered in London, United Kingdom. It is the third largest energy company and the fourth largest company in the world. The name "BP" derives from the initials of one of the company's former legal names, British Petroleum, by which some people still refer to the company today. A multinational oil.

Moreover, it has been argued that the Thatcherites themselves were not strictly monetarist in practice. A common theme centres on the Medium Term Financial Strategy. The Strategy, issued in the 1980 Budget, consisted of targets for reducing the growth of the money supply in the following years. After overshooting many of these targets, the Thatcher government revised the targets upwards in 1982. Analysts have interpreted this as an admission of defeat in the battle to control the money supply. The economist C. F. Pratten claimed:

Since 1984, behind a veil of rhetoric, the government has lost any faith it had in technical monetarism. The money supply, as measured by £M3, has been allowed to grow erratically, while calculation of the PSBR is held down by the ruse of subtracting the proceeds of privatization as well as taxes from government expenditure. The principles of monetarism have been abandoned.[23]

Thatcherism is also associated with supply-side economics Supply-side economics is a school of macroeconomic thought that argues that economic growth can be most effectively created by lowering barriers for people to produce goods and services, such as adjusting income tax and capital gains tax rates, and by allowing greater flexibility by reducing regulation. Consumers will then benefit from a greater. Whereas Keynesian economics Keynesian economics is a macroeconomic theory based on the ideas of 20th century British economist John Maynard Keynes. Keynesian economics argues that private sector decisions sometimes lead to inefficient macroeconomic outcomes and therefore, advocates active policy responses by the public sector, including monetary policy actions by the central holds that the government should stimulate economic growth by increasing demand through increased credit and public spending, supply-side economists argue that the government should instead intervene only to create a free market by lowering taxes, privatizing state industries and increasing restraints on trade unionism.

Trade union legislation

Further information: Opposition to trade unions Milton Friedman, Nobel Prize winning economist and advocate of laissez-faire capitalism, provided evidence that unionization frequently produces higher wages at the expense of fewer jobs, and that, if some industries are unionized while others are not, wages will decline in non-unionized industries

Reduction in the power of the trades unions was made gradually, unlike the approach of the Heath Government, and the greatest single confrontation with the unions was the NUM strike of 1984 to 1985, in which the union eventually had to concede.

Thatcherite morality

Thatcherism is associated with a conservative stance on morality. The sociologist and founder of the New Left Review New Left Review is a political journal, founded in 1960 in the UK after the editors of the New Reasoner and the Universities and Left Review merged their boards. The Universities and Left Review had expressed opposition to the Suez War in 1956; it rejected the dominant 'revisionism' within the Labour Party, and developed a cultural critique of Stuart Hall, for example, argued that Thatcherism should be viewed as an ideological project promoting "authoritarian populism," since it is known its reverence to "Victorian values." David Marquand expressed the "authoritarian populist" sentiment in 1970s Britain that Thatcherism supposedly exploited: "Go back, you flower people, back where you came from, wash your hair, get dressed properly, get to work on time and stop all this whingeing and moaning."[24] Norman Tebbit Norman Beresford Tebbit, Baron Tebbit CH, PC is a British Conservative politician and former Member of Parliament (MP) for Chingford, who was born in Ponders End, Middlesex. He and his wife were injured, she seriously, in the Provisional Irish Republican Army bombing of the 1984 Conservative Party conference in Brighton, a close ally of Thatcher, laid out in a 1985 lecture what he thought to be the permissive society that conservatives should oppose:

Bad art was as good as good art. Grammar and spelling were no longer important. To be clean was no better than to be filthy. Good manners were no better than bad. Family life was derided as a outdated bourgeois concept. Criminals deserved as much sympathy as their victims. Many homes and classrooms became disorderly - if there was neither right nor wrong there could be no bases for punishment or reward. Violence and soft pornography became accepted in the media. Thus was sown the wind; and we are now reaping the whirlwind.[25]

Examples of this conservative morality in practice include the video nasties "Video nasty" was a term coined in the United Kingdom in the 1980s that originally applied to a number of films distributed on video cassette that were criticized for their violent content by various religious organizations, in the press and by commentators such as Mary Whitehouse. While violence in cinema had been subject of censorship scare, where, in reaction to a moral panic While many believe the term was coined by Stanley Cohen to describe press reporting and the reaction of the establishment to the behaviour of mods and rockers, it was actually first used by his colleague Jock Young in reference to the reaction to drug takers in Notting Hill over the availability of a number of provocatively named horror films on video cassette, Thatcher introduced state regulation of the British video market for the first time.

Sermon on the Mound

Main article: Sermon on the Mound

In May 1988 Thatcher gave an address to the General Assembly The General Assembly of the Church of Scotland is the sovereign and highest court of the Church of Scotland, and is thus the Church's governing body of the Church of Scotland The Church of Scotland, known informally by its Scots language name, The Kirk, is a Presbyterian church, decisively shaped by the Scottish Reformation. In the address, Thatcher offered a theological Theology is the study of a god or, more generally, the study of religious faith, practice, and experience, or of spirituality justification for her ideas on capitalism Capitalism is an economic system in which the means of production are privately owned; supply, demand, price, distribution, and investments are determined mainly by private decisions in the free market, rather than by the state through central economic planning or through democratic planning; profit is distributed to owners who invest in and the market economy A market economy is economy based on the power of division of labor in which the prices of goods and services are determined in a free price system set by supply and demand. She claimed "Christianity Christianity is a monotheistic religion based on the life and teachings of Jesus of Nazareth as presented in the New Testament. Christianity comprises three major branches: Catholicism, Eastern Orthodoxy (which parted ways with Catholicism in 1054 A.D.) and Protestantism (which came into existence during the Protestant Reformation of the 16th is about spiritual redemption, not social reform A reform movement is a kind of social movement that aims to make gradual change, or change in certain aspects of society, rather than rapid or fundamental changes. A reform movement is distinguished from more radical social movements such as revolutionary movements" and she quoted St Paul by saying "If a man will not work he shall not eat". 'Choice' played a significant part in Thatcherite reforms and Thatcher claimed choice was also Christian by stating that Christ chose to lay down his life and that all individuals have the God-given right to choose between good and evil.

Europe

Towards the end of the 1980s Margaret Thatcher, and so Thatcherism, became increasingly vocal in its opposition to allowing the European Union to supersede British sovereignty. In her famous 1988 Bruges speech, Thatcher declared that "We have not successfully rolled back the frontiers of the state in Britain, only to see them reimposed at a European level, with a European superstate exercising a new dominance from Brussels."

Thatcherism as a form of government

Another important aspect of Thatcherism is the style of governance. Britain in the 1970s was often referred to as "ungovernable". Mrs Thatcher attempted to redress this by centralising a great deal of power to herself, as the Prime Minister, often bypassing traditional cabinet structures (such as cabinet committees). This personal approach also became identified with a certain toughness at times such as the Falklands War, the IRA bomb at the Conservative conference and the Miner's Strike.

Sir Charles Powell, the Foreign Affairs Private Secretary to the Prime Minister (1984-91, 96) described her style thus, "I've always thought there was something Leninist about Mrs. Thatcher which came through in the style of government — the absolute determination, the belief that there's a vanguard which is right and if you keep that small, tightly knit team together, they will drive things through ... there's no doubt that in the 1980s, No. 10 could beat the bushes of Whitehall pretty violently. They could go out and really confront people, lay down the law, bully a bit".[26]

Dispute over the term

It is often claimed that the word "Thatcherism" was coined by cultural theorist Stuart Hall in a 1979 Marxism Today article,[27][28] although the term had in fact been widely used before then.[29] However, not all social critics have accepted the term as valid, with the High Tory journalist T. E. Utley believing that "There is no such thing as Thatcherism."[30] Utley contended that the term was a creation of Mrs. Thatcher's enemies who wished to damage her by claiming that she had an inflexible devotion to a certain set of principles and also by some of her friends who, "for cultural and sometimes ethnic reasons" had little sympathy with what he described as the "English political tradition." Thatcher was not an ideologue, Utley further argued, but a pragmatic politician; giving examples of her refusal to radically reform the welfare state and the need to avoid a miners' strike in 1981 at a time when the Government was not ready to handle it.

On another hand some claim that Thatcherism was moved actually by pure ideology and that her policies marked a turning point in economic policies which were dictated more by reasons of political power and interests than actually by economic reasons:

Rather than by any specific logic of capitalism, the reversal was brought about by voluntary reductions in social expenditures, higher taxes on low incomes and the lowering of taxes on higher incomes. This is the reason why in Great Britain in the mid 1980s the members of the top decile possessed more than a half of all the wealth (Giddens 1993, 233). To justify this by means of economic "objectivities" would be an ideology. What is at play here are interests and power.[31]

The Conservative historian of Peterhouse, Maurice Cowling, also questioned the uniqueness of "Thatcherism". Cowling claimed that Mrs. Thatcher used "radical variations on that patriotic conjunction of freedom, authority, inequality, individualism and average decency and respectability, which had been the Conservative Party's theme since at least 1886." Cowling further contended that the "Conservative Party under Mrs. Thatcher has used a radical rhetoric to give intellectual respectability to what the Conservative Party has always wanted."[32]

Criticism

Critics of Thatcherism claim that its successes were obtained only at the expense of great social costs to the British population. Industrial production fell sharply during Thatcher's government, which critics believe increased unemployment — which tripled during her premiership. When she resigned in 1990, 28% of the children in Great Britain were considered to be below the poverty line, a number that kept rising to reach a peak of 30% in 1994 during the Conservative government of John Major, who succeeded Thatcher.[33]

While credited with reviving Britain's economy, Mrs. Thatcher also was blamed for spurring a doubling in the poverty rate. Britain's childhood-poverty rate in 1997 was the highest in Europe.[33]

During her government Britain's Gini coefficient reflected this growing inequality, going from 0.25 in 1979 to 0.34 in 1990.[34]

Thatcher's legacy

The extent to which one can say 'Thatcherism' has a continuing influence on British political and economic life is unclear. In 2001, Peter Mandelson, a Member of Parliament belonging to the British Labour Party closely associated with Tony Blair, famously declared that "we are all Thatcherites now."[35]

In reference to contemporary British political culture, it could be said that a "post-Thatcherite consensus" exists, especially in regards to economic policy. In the 1980s, the now defunct Social Democratic Party adhered to a "tough and tender" approach in which Thatcherite reforms were coupled with extra welfare provision. Neil Kinnock, leader of the Labour Party from 1983-1992, initiated Labour's rightward shift across the political spectrum by largely concurring with the economic policies of the Thatcher governments. The New Labour governments of Tony Blair and Gordon Brown were described as "neo-Thatcherite" by some, since many of their economic policies mimiced those of Thatcher.[36]

Most of the major British political parties today accept the anti-trade union legislation, privatisations and general free market approach to government that Thatcher's governments installed. No major political party in the UK, at present, is committed to reversing the Thatcher government's reforms of the economy. Such a convergence of policy is one reason that the British electorate perceive few apparent differences in policy between the major political parties.[citation needed]

Moreover, the UK's comparative macroeconomic performance has improved since the implementation of Thatcherite economic policies. Since Thatcher resigned as British Prime Minister in 1990, UK economic growth was on average higher than the other large EU economies (i.e. Germany, France and Italy). Additionally, since the beginning of the 2000s, the UK has also possessed lower unemployment, by comparison with the other big EU economies. Such an enhancement in relative macroeconomic performance is perhaps another reason for the apparent "Blatcherite" economic consensus, which has been present in modern UK politics for a number of years.

On the occasion of the 25th anniversary of Thatcher's inauguration, BBC conducted a survey of opinions which opened with the following comments:

To her supporters, she was a revolutionary figure who transformed Britain's stagnant economy, tamed the unions and re-established the country as a world power.

Together with US presidents Reagan and Bush, she helped bring about the end of the Cold War.

But her 11-year premiership was also marked by social unrest, industrial strife and high unemployment.

Her critics claim British society is still feeling the effect of her divisive economic policies and the culture of greed and selfishness they allegedly promoted.[37]

See also

Notes

  1. ^ Simon Jenkins (2006). Thatcher & Sons: A Revolution in Three Acts. Allen Lane. ISBN 0713995955.
  2. ^ Nigel Lawson (1992). The View From No. 11: Memoirs of a Tory Radical. London: Bantam. p. 64. ISBN 0593022181.
  3. ^ The Observer, 29 September 1982
  4. ^ Speech to Conservative Party Conference (14 October 1983)
  5. ^ Keith Joseph Memorial Lecture (11 January 1996)
  6. ^ Hayek, Friedrich (2008), Kresege, Stephen; Wenar, Leif, eds., Hayek on Hayek. An Autobiographical Dialogue, Indianapolis, Indiana: LibertyFund, p. 141, ISBN 978-0-86597-740-2, OCLC 229020962
  7. ^ John Nott (2003). Here Today, Gone Tomorrow. Recollections of an Errant Politician. Politico's. p. 183. ISBN 1842750305.
  8. ^ Ellen Meiksins Wood (1991). The Pristine Culture of Capitalism: A Historical Essay on Old Regimes and Modern States. Verso. p. 167. ISBN 0860913627.
  9. ^ H. C. G. Matthew (1997). Gladstone, 1809-1898. Clarendon Press. p. 608. ISBN 0198206968.
  10. ^ Simon Heffer (1999). Like the Roman: The Life of Enoch Powell. Phoenix. pp. 958. ISBN 075380820X.
  11. ^ Richard Vinen, Thatcher's Britain: The Politics and Social Upheaval of the 1980s, London: Simon & Schuster (2009), p. 7. ISBN 1847371752.
  12. ^ E. H. H. Green, Ideologies of Conservatism: Conservative Political Ideas in the Twentieth Century, Oxford: Oxford University Press (2002), pp. 214-239. ISBN 0199270333.
  13. ^ Oakley, Robin (23 November 1990). "Thatcherism's end begins debate over style and ideology". The Sunday Times.
  14. ^ D'Ancona, Matthew (5 March 1991). "Into the age of the individual - Labour's chance to write the next chapter of political history". The Guardian.
  15. ^ "What Was Right With the 1980s". Financial Times. 5 April 1994.
  16. ^ Heppell, Timothy (June 2002). "The ideological composition of the Parliamentary Conservative Party 1992–97". British Journal of Politics and International Relations 4 (2): 299–324. doi:10.1111/1467-856X.t01-1-00006.
  17. ^ "Resignation of Thatcher - Strident heroine of the corner shop who fought for hard-headed virtues". The Sunday Times. 25 November 1990.
  18. ^ Marr, Andrew (3 January 1994). "Why unhappy British are yearning for days of order". Straits Times.
  19. ^ Shrimsley, Robert (17 August 1995). "Redwood Pushes for Populist Right". Financial Times.
  20. ^ Shrimsley, Robert (18 August 1995). "Think Right - The Thatcherites are Divided, but May Yet Rule". The Times.
  21. ^ Andrew Gamble, The Free Economy and the Strong State: the politics of Thatcherism, Basingstoke: Macmillan (1988). ISBN 0333363108.
  22. ^ Simon Jenkins, Accountable to none: the Tory nationalization of Britain, London: Hamish Hamilton (1995). ISBN 0241135915.
  23. ^ C. F. Pratten, 'Mrs Thatcher's Economic Legacy', in Kenneth Minogue and Michael Biddiss (eds.), Thatcherism: Personality and Politics, Basingstoke: Macmillan (1987), p. 73. ISBN 0333447255.
  24. ^ David Marquand, 'The Paradoxes of Thatcherism', in Robert Skidelsky (ed.), Thatcherism, London: Chatto & Windus (1988), p. 165. ISBN 0701133422.
  25. ^ Norman Tebbit, 'Back to the old traditional values', The Guardian Weekly, 24 November 1985.
  26. ^ Peter Hennessy (2001). The Prime Minister: The Office and its Holders since 1945. Penguin. pp. 397. ISBN 0140283935.
  27. ^ Stuart Hall, The Great Moving Right Show, Marxism Today, January 1979
  28. ^ James Procter (2004). Stuart Hall. Routledge. pp. 98. ISBN 0415262666.
  29. ^ Richard Vinen, Thatcher's Britain: The Politics and Social Upheaval of the 1980s, London: Simon & Schuster (2009), p. 4. ISBN 1847371752.
  30. ^ T. E. Utley, 'Monstrous invention', The Spectator, 9 August 1986.
  31. ^ Drago, Sreco and Leskosek, Vesna (2003) (PDF). Social Inequality and Social Capital. Ljubljana: Institute for Contemporary and Political Studies. http://www.mirovni-institut.si/eng_html/publications/pdf/MI_politike_social_inequality.pdf. Retrieved 18 October 2007. p. 37.
  32. ^ Maurice Cowling (1990). Mill and Liberalism: Second Edition. Cambridge University Press. pp. xxvii-xxviii. ISBN 0521388724.
  33. ^ a b Nelson, Emily and Whalen, Jeanne (22 December 2006). "With U.S. Methods, Britain Posts Gains In Fighting Poverty". The Wall Street Journal Online. http://online.wsj.com/article_email/SB116674870703357351-lMyQjAxMDE2NjI2MjcyNDI4Wj.html. Retrieved 18 October 2007.
  34. ^ Shephard, Andrew (2003). "Income Inequality under the Labour Government" (PDF). Briefing Note No. 33. Institute for Fiscal Studies. http://www.ifs.org.uk/bns/bn33.pdf. Retrieved 18 October 2007. p. 4.
  35. ^ Tempest, Matthew (10 June 2002). "Mandelson: we are all Thatcherites now". London: The Guardian. http://politics.guardian.co.uk/labour/story/0,9061,730718,00.html. Retrieved 15 September 2006.
  36. ^ "New Labour Neo-Thatcherite". New Statesman. 6 June 2005. http://www.newstatesman.com/200506060022. Retrieved 1 April 2007.
  37. ^ "Evaluating Thatcher's legacy". BBC News. 4 May 2004. http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk_politics/3681973.stm. Retrieved 18 October 2007.

Bibliography

Margaret Thatcher
Prime Minister Premiership of Margaret Thatcher · Thatcher Ministry · Thatcherism · Cold War · 1981 Irish hunger strike · The lady's not for turning · Falklands War · Brighton hotel bombing · Opposition to trade unions · Miners' strike · Local Government Act · Westland affair · Sermon on the Mound · Community Charge · Gulf War · Resignation Honours
Party elections 1975 · 1989 · 1990
General elections 1979 · 1983 · 1987
Family Sir Denis Thatcher, 1st Bt (husband) · The Hon. Sir Mark Thatcher, 2nd Bt (son) · The Hon. Carol Thatcher (daughter)
Cultural depictions Thatcher: The Final Days · The Falklands Play · The Long Walk to Finchley · Margaret

Categories: Conservative Party (UK) | Economic ideologies | Euroscepticism in the United Kingdom | Libertarianism in the United Kingdom | Politics of the United Kingdom | Right-wing politics | Political philosophy by politician | Margaret Thatcher

 

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'Thatcherism' Blogs
If you are too young to remember how bad Thatcherism was for all ...
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If you are too young to remember how bad Thatcherism was for all ...

Roger

hu, 29 Apr 2010 07:06:10 GM

3 / 20 Marshall Walker, Manchester: 'Be wary of becoming too occupied with voting someone out. You may lose sight of what you're letting in' Photograph: Marshall Walker via guardian.co.uk Locally ie for Hexham vote Dr Steven Ford, ...

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